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Turner Syndrome (Monosomy X) in Children What is Turner syndrome (TS) in children? Turner syndrome (TS) is a genetic disorder that occurs in girls. It causes many traits and problems. Girls with TS are shorter than most girls. They don’t go through normal puberty as they grow

Prematurity What is prematurity? A baby born before 37 weeks of pregnancy is considered premature or born too early. Other terms used for prematurity are preterm and the nicknames "preemie" or "premie." About 1 in every 10 infants are born prematurely. Twins and other multiples

Gastroesophageal Reflux in Children What is gastroesophageal reflux in children? Gastroesophageal refers to the stomach and esophagus. The esophagus is the tube that connects the throat to the stomach. Reflux means to flow back or return. Reflux happens because the lower

Eye Cancer: Intraocular Melanoma What is intraocular melanoma? Melanoma is a serious kind of skin cancer. This cancer starts in cells called melanocytes. These cells make the pigment that colors your skin. You also have melanocytes in your eyes. When these cells become cancer, it

Birth Defects in Children What is a birth defect in a child? A birth defect (congenital anomaly) is a health problem or abnormal physical change that is present when a baby is born. Birth defects can be very mild, where the baby looks and acts like any other baby. Or birth

Cancer Overview What is cancer? Cancer is an abnormal growth of cells. The whole body is made of cells that act and grow in controlled ways as the body needs them. Cells are controlled by genes. The genes in any cell in the body can be damaged. Then the cell can grow out of

Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21) in Children What is Down syndrome in children? Down syndrome is a genetic problem. It is also called trisomy 21. It includes certain birth defects, learning problems, and facial features. A child with Down syndrome also may have heart defects and

Leukemia in Children What is leukemia in children? Leukemia is cancer that starts in young (immature) blood cells. It’s the most common kind of cancer in children. The leukemia cells grow in bone marrow and then go out into the blood. The bone marrow is the soft, spongy center of

Common Tests During Pregnancy These are some of the more common tests done during pregnancy. First trimester prenatal screening tests First trimester screening is a combination of fetal ultrasound and maternal blood testing. It can help find out the risk that the fetus has

Rett Syndrome in Children What is Rett syndrome in children? Rett syndrome is a rare genetic developmental and neurological disorder. It almost exclusively affects girls. Children with this disorder often develop normally for their first 6 to 18 months. After that, they start to