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Neurogenic Bladder in Children What is neurogenic bladder in children? Neurogenic bladder means the bladder doesn’t work normally because of nerve damage. It causes a child to have problems with holding or releasing urine. The muscles and nerves of the urinary system work

Acute Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) in Children What is acute spinal cord injury (SCI) in children? The spinal cord is a bundle of nerves that carries messages between the brain and the rest of the body. It sends instructions from the brain to the body and carries sensory information

Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21) in Children What is Down syndrome in children? Down syndrome is a genetic disorder. It is also called trisomy 21. It includes certain birth defects, learning problems, and facial features. A child with Down syndrome also may have heart defects and

Treating Aged or Sun-Damaged Skin What is photoaging? Too much sun exposure can cause premature aging of your skin. This premature wrinkling and skin damage from sun exposure is called photoaging. Photoaging is not like natural aging. It causes: Coarse, dry skin. Freckling and

Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) What is tetralogy of Fallot? Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is a set of 4 congenital heart defects that happen together. Tetralogy refers to the number 4. Congenital means that a baby is born with them. The set of 4 defects are: Narrowing (stenosis) of the

Adenovirus Infection in Children What is an adenovirus infection in children? Adenoviruses are a group of viruses that cause a variety of infections, such as: Respiratory illness, such as a cold Infection of the eye (conjunctivitis, also called pink eye) Croup Bronchiolitis

Blood Clotting Disorders in Children What are blood-clotting disorders in children? Blood-clotting disorders are a group of conditions in which there is too much clotting. Blood clotting is a normal process. It stops you from bleeding too much when you have a cut or injury. Blood

Chiari Malformation Type I in Children What is a Chiari malformation in children? A Chiari malformation (CM) is a problem with how the brain sits in the skull. The brain normally sits fully inside the skull. With a Chiari malformation, the lower part of the brain (cerebellum)

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) in Children What is oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in children? Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is a type of behavior disorder. It's mostly diagnosed in childhood. Children with ODD show a pattern of uncooperative, defiant, and hostile

Shoulder Pain and Problems What are shoulder problems? Shoulder pain and problems are common. There are many types of shoulder problems that are caused by injuries and sudden (acute) or long-lasting (chronic) inflammation of the shoulder joint. The shoulder is a complex joint