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Refractive Errors in Children What is normal vision? To understand how certain problems can affect your child's vision, it’s important to know how normal vision happens. For children with normal vision, the following things occur in this order: Light enters the eye through the

Cataracts in Children What are cataracts in children? A cataract is a clouding of the eye's lens. The lens is normally clear (transparent). Cataracts keep light rays from passing through the lens and focusing on the retina. The retina is the thin layer of nerve tissue that lines

Birth Defects in Children What is a birth defect in a child? A birth defect (congenital anomaly) is a health problem or abnormal physical change that is present when a baby is born. Birth defects can be very mild, where the baby looks and acts like any other baby. Or birth

Trinucleotide Repeats: Fragile X Syndrome What are trinucleotide repeats? DNA is the chemical that makes up your genes. It contains a "code" of 3-letter words known as codons or trinucleotides. Many genes normally contain trinucleotide sequences that repeat. These are called

Uniparental Disomy: Prader-Willi Syndrome and Angelman Syndrome What is uniparental disomy? Chromosome pairs affect how our body works. Normally, a baby gets one copy of each chromosome pair from each birth parent. In rare cases, two copies come from the same parent. This is

Risks of Pregnancy Over Age 35 Many women wait until later in life to have children. In the U.S., birth rates for women in their 30s are at the highest levels in four decades. But an older mother may be at increased risk for things, such as: Miscarriage Birth defects Twins High

Conduct Disorder in Children What is conduct disorder in children? Conduct disorder is a type of behavior disorder. It's when a child has antisocial behavior. They may ignore basic social standards and rules. They may also: Be irresponsible Skip school or run away (delinquent

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) in Children What is oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in children? Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is a type of behavior disorder. It's mostly diagnosed in childhood. Children with ODD show a pattern of uncooperative, defiant, and hostile

Tourette Syndrome in Children What is Tourette syndrome in children? Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neurological problem. It is also called Tourette disorder. The syndrome causes repeated tics. Tics are sudden, uncontrolled vocal sounds or muscle jerks. Symptoms of TS often start

Headaches in Children What is a headache in children? A headache is pain or discomfort in one or more areas of the head or face. Headaches can happen once in a while. Or they may happen often. Headaches are often divided into two groups, based on what causes them: Primary