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Anatomy and Function of the Heart Valves What are heart valves? The heart has four chambers: two upper chambers (atria) and two lower chambers (ventricles). Blood passes through a valve before leaving each chamber of the heart. The valves prevent the backward flow of blood

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) in Children What is a urinary tract infection (UTI) in children? A urinary tract infection is inflammation of part of the system that takes urine out of the body. It’s caused by bacteria. The urinary tract includes the 2 kidneys. They remove liquid

Sprains and Strains in Children What are sprains and strains in children? Sprains and strains are types of injuries. A sprain is an injury to a ligament while a strain is an injury to a muscle or tendon. Ligaments and tendons are made of fibrous tissue. They connect different

Acne in Children What is acne in a child? Acne is a disorder of the hair follicles and sebaceous glands. Hair follicles are the areas around the base or root of each hair. Sebaceous glands are the tiny glands that release oil (sebum) into the hair follicles. The sebum moistens

Warts in Children What are skin warts in children? Warts on the skin are small, noncancerous skin growths. They are caused by a virus. Warts can spread to other parts of the body and to other people. What causes skin warts in a child? Warts are caused by a type of human

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in Children What is posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children? Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health problem. It can affect people of all ages. A child with PTSD keeps having scary thoughts and memories of a past event

Disorders of Sex Development When a child's gender is not clear at birth, the child has atypical genitalia (ambiguous genitalia). This means that the genitals don't seem to be clearly male or female. Atypical genitalia can be a difficult experience for families. How do the

Undescended Testes in Children What are undescended testes in children? Undescended testes means that 1 or both of the male testes have not passed down (descended) into the scrotal sac. This is a condition seen in some newborn baby boys. Most cases affect only 1 teste. About 1 in

Dialysis in Children What is dialysis? Dialysis is a procedure that is done routinely on people who have acute or chronic kidney (renal) failure. It filters waste and extra fluid from the blood. That is something that would normally be done by the kidneys. Dialysis may also be

Inguinal Hernia in Children What is an inguinal hernia in children? A hernia occurs when a part of the intestine or other abdominal tissue pushes through a weakness in the belly (abdominal) muscles. A soft bulge shows up under the skin where the hernia is. A hernia in the groin